After the first world war, the ottoman empire was defeated with its allies. after the mondros armistice was signed, a fleet of 55 ships anchored at the banks of haydarpaşa port in november 13, 1918 and therefore the invasion of istanbul began.
The Parliamentary Assembly, which was annulled in 1918, convened again in January 12, 1920 and ratified Misak-ı Milli (National Contract) on January 28. On March 4, 1920, and the invasion of Istanbul was approved at London Conference. In March 4, the postal administration office was invaded. On the night of March 15, the action of general invasion was triggered. In the morning, a large number of soldiers invaded Istanbul and important parts of the city were taken under control. In late morning, the city was completely occupied. And in the afternoon English soldiers raided the Parliament Assembly building. And on April 11, the Parliamentary Assembly was closed. About 150 politicians were exiled to Malta. During this period, some secret organizations were formed in Istanbul and started agitating for freedom. Patrolling Society, Mim Group and National Defense organization were the most influential secret organizations in Istanbul during that period. They organized demonstrations and carried out activities like handover of arms, soldiers and munitions and exchanging secret information.
On October 9, 1920, Turkish soldiers entered Izmir’s boundaries led by supreme national leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. This event started the independence process for Istanbul. With the Mudanya Agreement signed on October 11, it was agreed that the invading forces would leave Thrace gradually. The Turkish Grand National Assembly that convened in Ankara declared the Ottoman dynasty be abolished in November 1, 1922. Therefore, even though Istanbul remained the legal capital until October 1923, it was no longer the actual capital. On November 16 Sultan Vahdettin left Istanbul.
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In November 4, 1923, Istanbul was completely free of invading forces. Therefore, the second invasion of Istanbul by Europeans after the Latin invasion of 1204 was terminated.
Reviews
A city that is worth a country on its own, Istanbul! With a population of 15 million and being the only city connecting two continents, Istanbul is one of the cities with the most advanced transportation network in Europe. So, it is only natural for a tourist to get easily lost or confused in this intricate network. The transportation map comes into play at this point. You can find them nearly anywhere in Istanbul, and they are very easy to read.
Istanbul is a huge city to wander around. there are so many places to visit that are away from each other. therefore, knowing your ways to transport in istanbul is very crucial. luckily, there are always new projects planning to improve the transportation in the city. however, istanbul is not only a big city but also a very crowded one. therefore, despite all the projects happening, it could be difficult to transport at times. for instance, during rush hours (between 8 am and 9 am, and between 5 pm and 8 pm), it is excruciating to go somewhere in istanbul, especially with a private car or a taxi. public transportation is relatively better when you do not want to deal with traffic or find a place to park the car.
Istanbul tourist pass will take you to one of the best and the most visited sights in istanbul. hagia sophia, which is considered to be a significant symbol of istanbul, has been standing strong for a very long time! located in the fatih district, which is filled with many historical architectures from different eras, hagia sophia is one of the most prominent and oldest architectures in different aspects.
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Nearby istanbul, garipçe village and rumelifeneri have managed to preserve their purity and texture.
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