After the first world war, the ottoman empire was defeated with its allies. after the mondros armistice was signed, a fleet of 55 ships anchored at the banks of haydarpaşa port in november 13, 1918 and therefore the invasion of istanbul began.
The Parliamentary Assembly, which was annulled in 1918, convened again in January 12, 1920 and ratified Misak-ı Milli (National Contract) on January 28. On March 4, 1920, and the invasion of Istanbul was approved at London Conference. In March 4, the postal administration office was invaded. On the night of March 15, the action of general invasion was triggered. In the morning, a large number of soldiers invaded Istanbul and important parts of the city were taken under control. In late morning, the city was completely occupied. And in the afternoon English soldiers raided the Parliament Assembly building. And on April 11, the Parliamentary Assembly was closed. About 150 politicians were exiled to Malta. During this period, some secret organizations were formed in Istanbul and started agitating for freedom. Patrolling Society, Mim Group and National Defense organization were the most influential secret organizations in Istanbul during that period. They organized demonstrations and carried out activities like handover of arms, soldiers and munitions and exchanging secret information.
On October 9, 1920, Turkish soldiers entered Izmir’s boundaries led by supreme national leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. This event started the independence process for Istanbul. With the Mudanya Agreement signed on October 11, it was agreed that the invading forces would leave Thrace gradually. The Turkish Grand National Assembly that convened in Ankara declared the Ottoman dynasty be abolished in November 1, 1922. Therefore, even though Istanbul remained the legal capital until October 1923, it was no longer the actual capital. On November 16 Sultan Vahdettin left Istanbul.
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In November 4, 1923, Istanbul was completely free of invading forces. Therefore, the second invasion of Istanbul by Europeans after the Latin invasion of 1204 was terminated.
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The first financial operations in turkey began in istanbul in the early 1800s, with so-called money-changers and galata bankers. all banking operations were carried out by these money-changers during the period, and the galata bankers were mainly from istanbul’s ethnic minorities.
Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport is one of two international airports serving Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey. Sabiha Gökçen Airport is in the Asian part of the bi-continental Istanbul and serves as the hub for AnadoluJet and Pegasus Airlines. The facility is named after Sabiha Gökçen, the adoptive daughter of Atatürk and the first female fighter pilot in the world. Although Istanbul Airport, located west of the European side of Istanbul, is larger, Sabiha Gökçen is still one of the largest airports in the country.
Istanbul is a great touristic city because the tourist finds all his needs in one place only. in one city, you find the precious well-rooted history merged with the amazing fresh natural views and places. at the same time, turkey has a very colorful culture and they are really great in sharing it with the international tourists, in istanbul, you find dance classes, turkish food classes and many festivals and fairs in almost everything and in every major, book fairs, film festival, istanbul tulip festival and more. all that in once makes this city a great unique place to visit and discover enjoying and learning about another country at the same time.
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If you decide to go to beşiktaş, do not neglect to visit the “nautical museum” where precious masterpieces and documents of the turkish marine history are exhibited.
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